If
said it was the bench, it is now common to all civilian car seat is a sofa, the main task is to drive
members and passengers feel comfortable driving, or driving long take do not feel fatigue. In the car is totally not that
What's going on.
safety is always racing (and all sports) the most important. When cornering the car is still
maintain very high speeds, the drivers this time under a lot of lateral acceleration (that is racing to say often
G value). Turn an ordinary chair, as if the priority and cornering speed, the lateral acceleration can range from difficult to allow the car
hand firmly secured in the seat, the drivers can not make serious normal driving. Affect the game performance is small
, the G value is too large the safety car would pose a serious threat.
racing bucket seats wrapped up the driver's body, able to bend in his waist, legs
provide adequate support, limiting their lateral movement; others in the drivers seat There are protrusions on both sides of the head, used to restrict head
(in case of accidents) and swings. In addition, the car seat can be lined with high-strength plastic, carbon fiber can also be
, but no matter what material should be of sufficient strength to resist the possible impact to security
protect the safety of the drivers.
race car is always in a state to work long hours in the limit. When cornering the car is often the edge of
is out of control, the drivers in order to obtain as quickly as possible cornering speeds. At this time communication between people and cars were
was still important. Apart from the steering wheel, pedal information, driver and vehicle body should be one.
As mentioned above, is one aspect of the bucket seats. True professional racing seat system according to the driver's physique
made specifically, was fixed on the frame, front and rear, height, angle completely adjustable, and very hard, very thin, with
for each message is not the road to pass through a filter up. So do not think that the car seat is just cool things
fact, it will make people very painful ... ...
brands
RECARO
RECARO's history can be traced back to 1906, and at that with Daimler? Benz, Porsche and the legendary Bo
world city - Stuttgart. In 1965, RECARO produce its first car seat, it has been
a car seat. A resounding brand was born. Over the past forty years, RECARO racing seats after
the WRC, DTM, BTCC, ETCC and other world-class competition test. RECARO enthusiasts but also for civilian service with
. They car technology, absorb the views of customers, whom create personalized sports seats
.
SPARCO
1977, the two like-minded racers in Italy have jointly established SPARCO. Today,
SPARCO's products cover all aspects of driver protection, and claims to be the most professional, quality, most reliable, most advanced technology
surgery and most experienced manufacturer of auto sport seats one. It has also been maintained in the world automotive
enthusiasm of the movement and help drivers achieve extraordinary results. SPARCO sport seats there are many models
type, respectively the world-famous track, sports car and the driver's name to name, the design has a wealth of fashion
elements. Reference to this phase, SPARCO and strong emphasis on occupant protection in his seat, all products are factory
the strength to go through rigorous testing.
Glossary:
combustion (Combustion Chamber)
piston reaches the top dead point and the space between the cylinder head, fuel that is burning in this room .
compression (Compression Ratio)
piston dead point below the total volume of the cylinder piston at top dead by dividing the total volume (combustion chamber volume), the value obtained is called the compression ratio.
link (Connecting Rod)
engine crankshaft and piston connecting rod connection.
cooling system (Cooling System)
by means of the coolant loop, the excess heat out of the engine to prevent overheating of the system. In the water-cooled engine, including the water jacket, water pumps, water tanks and thermostat.
crankcase (Crankcase)
the lower part of the engine, the crankshaft running the place, including the cylinder and the lower oil pan.
crankshaft (Crankshaft)
main rotating engine parts, connecting rod installed, you can undertake the rod up and down (reciprocating) movement into a cycle (rotation) movement.
crankshaft gear (Crankshaft Gear)
mounted on the front of the crankshaft gear or key gears, often used on behalf of the moving cam gears, chain or toothed belt.
cylinder (Cylinder Block)
the basic structure of the engine, engine parts and accessories are installed in all aircraft parts, including engine cylinder and upper crankcase.
Cylinder Head (Cylinder Head)
steam engine, closed the lid and missing parts, including valve and the water jacket and cooling film.
Knock (Detonation)
impact or explosion as the sound of the flame in the combustion chamber spark ignition engines because of air pressure over the fuel mixture will be spontaneous combustion, so that part of the unburned mixture to produce secondary ignition (after the spark plug ignition
), which issued a pop.
Displacement (Displacemint)
a cycle in the engine operation, can all mixture into the air and the ability of all cylinders, but also refers to the operation of a piston from a trip to another Stroke volume can a row.
engine (Engine)
a can heat into mechanical energy of the machinery: a mechanical fuel combustion can be powered device; sometimes as a motor.
fan belt (Fan Belt)
a belt driven by the crankshaft, the main purpose is to bring the engine fan and water pump.
buoy oil level (Float Level)
carburetor float room, float to float and withstand the needle to block the inlet, so that when the oil is not flowing into float chamber, oil level.
four-stroke engine (Four-Stroke Cycle)
intake, compression, power, four stroke exhaust. Transfer a complete four stroke cycle.
gasket (Gasket)
paper, rubber sheets or copper sheets, placed between two planes to strengthen the seal material.
gear lubricants (Gear Lubricant)
a gear lubricating oil can, usually SAE90 No oil.
thermal control valve (Heat-Control Valve)
in the engine exhaust manifold of a thermostat valve operation can be less than the normal operating temperature in the engine before the exhaust heat into the intake manifold.
Percussion (Knock)
metal with the engine speed crash occurs, usually caused by loose or worn bearings produced.
main bearing (Main Bearing)
supporting the engine crankshaft bearings.
manifold pressure (Manifold Pressure)
the operation of the turbocharger in the intake manifold pressure.
manifold vacuum (Manifold Vacuum)
refers to the intake manifold vacuum, the cylinder during the intake stroke is generated in the vacuum.
Sump (Oil Pan)
at lower engine: removable and sealed by the axle as a storage tank shell.
Oil Filter (Oil filter)
a passage in the oil filter can be dirt under the device.
oil pump (Oil Pump)
in the lubrication system, you can force the oil from the sump to the engine moving parts of the device.
pop (Ping)
engine acceleration produced by detonation, the ignition timing advance because of too many or too low octane fuel due.
Piston (Piston)
activities within a cylinder mounted on the mechanical parts, changes in pressure to accept or transmit power. Refers to the engine in terms of moving up and down in the cylinder, and with the rod, forcing the crankshaft rotating circular parts.
piston tip (Piston Pin)
a tubular piece of metal can be piston or connecting rod.
Piston (Piston Ring)
into the piston ring grooves, divided into two types: compression ring and oil ring. Compression ring used to seal the combustion chamber of compressed air; oil ring is used to scrape excess oil on the cylinder.
pressure radiator cap (Pressure Cap)
a water tank with the valve cover and allow the cooling system under pressure to keep the temperature higher or more efficient. Cooler (Radiator)
cooling system, you can remove the heat from the cooling device, which absorbs the engine coolant overheating, and low temperature coolant to the engine unit.
Spark Plugs (Spark plug)
insulator between the two electrodes and a combination of steam engines can provide a letter of spark ignition parts.
spark test (Spark Test)
a quick check method for the ignition system. First high-voltage gas metal covers close to 6mm at the end, then start the engine, check the spark happens situation.
supercharger (SuperCharger)
engine intake system, the incoming air or air-fuel mixture to the pressure of the pump. This increases the amount of combustible fuel, and increase engine power.
thermostat (Thermostat)
a thermostat device, usually with a temperature component, through expansion or shrinkage to open, turn off the air, the flow of gas or liquid .
turbocharger (Turbocharger)
driven by the engine exhaust of a supercharger, horsepower usually by 25 to 30%.
two-stroke through the (Two-Stroke Cycle)
two-stroke cycle engines, the fuel entry, compression, combustion and exhaust in succession between the two piston stroke.
valve clearance (Valve Clearance)
OHC engine, the rocker and valve peak of the staff of the gap. Valve bodies, valve closed the gap.
valve timing (Valve Tming)
with the piston position to open or close the valve timing.
valve body (Valve Train)
the value of the engine valve operating agencies, from the mechanical cam shaft to the valve cover.
shock absorber (Vibration Damper)
phase of the crankshaft with the lead shock devices used to counter the torsional vibration of the crankshaft (ie, the ignition cylinder crankshaft by the impact of the phenomenon of the pipe) .
waste valve (Wastegate)
turbocharger in the controls, limit the pressure increases, in order to avoid the engine and the supercharger pulley damage.
water jacket (Water Jackets)
means the cylinder block and cylinder head space between the inner shell, the cooling liquid that is in between cycles.
Pump (Water Pump)
in the cooling system, the role of the coolant pump in the engine water jacket and the tank pressure between the pump constantly circulating
< br> supercharger intake without increasing engine displacement is the premise of the momentum wheels to enhance the output method. Is the direct use of the engine output to drive the supercharger, then high-density air into the cylinder to improve engine power output.
turbocharged engine is used to drive the compressor exhaust. The first supercharged supercharger all in the first invention is called a super booster (Supercharge), then after the invention of turbo To separate the two. At first, the turbocharger is called Turbo Supercharger, Supercharger is called Mechanical Supercharger, over time, both were simplified to Supercharger Turbocharger and a.
turbo principle when using the engine running out of gas emission, use the gas to turn the exhaust turbocharger tilt son, while the exhaust and the air inlet swivel tilt sub-sub (Compressor) is the same axis different room, when the Turbine rotor reaches a certain speed (about 12000rpm or so), forces the other side of the Compressor, the Compressor Rotor introduction of exotic fresh air, compressed into the intake manifold, so the car into the air non-Turbo Natural way, is the result of High speed turbo-charged to function as a bearing, followed by high-temperature pressure relief over the exclusion or supercharger is the key. Is currently used to import oil to lubricate and cool bearings, it also uses water-cooled. The high pressurized compression stroke of the engine and power (blast) damage when stroke occurs, so there is mechanically or with air pressure as the electronic switch to control the discharge pressure directly with the computer's actions.
supercharger compressor driven by the engine crankshaft, usually connected by belt crankshaft pulley, crankshaft operation of the torque indirectly driven turbocharger, supercharger to achieve the purpose. According to different structures, there have been supercharged by the many types will include vane (Vane), Roots (Roots), Winkle (Wankle) and other types, and the first piston is also considered a mechanical supercharger, Today, places Roots supercharger most widely used, it is converted favorite. Roots supercharger with a double-leaf clover are two types of rotor, rotor current to the more common double-leaf, the structure is in the oval-shaped cocoon shell are installed with two rotors, the rotor to maintain a very small gap between the not directly connected, linked by helical gears, one of the rotor shaft and the driven pulley link, the rotor shaft of the pulley equipped with electromagnetic clutch, when the booster is not needed to stop the pressurization release the clutch, clutch by computer control to achieve the purpose of fuel economy. Supercharger features, in addition to booster can be obtained at low speed, the supercharger's power output and crank speed into a certain ratio, that is supercharged engine with the throttle response to improve speed, power output along with enhanced Therefore, the operation of the supercharged engine feels very similar to natural gas, but it can have a greater horsepower and torque.
by Ran Liao Fa Dongji is combustion in the cylinder to generate power for power, input the amount of fuel Shoudao inhaled air volume inside the cylinder limit, the power generated will be limited, if the engine has been in operation performance best, to increase the output power can only be compressed more air into the cylinders to increase fuel consumption, improve combustion as a function of force. In the current technical conditions, the turbocharger is the only way the efficiency of the engine without changing the mechanical device to increase power output.
turbocharger is actually an air compressor to increase through the air into the gas. It is the use of the engine exhaust to drive a turbine inertia momentum of the turbine room, the turbine and driven coaxial impeller, the impeller pressure delivery pipe sent from the air filter the air, so that pressurized into the cylinder. Faster when the engine speed, the turbine exhaust gas speed and synchronous speed is also faster, the impeller to compress more air into the cylinder, air pressure and density can burn more fuel, a corresponding increase in fuel consumption and adjust the engine speed, you can increase the output power of the engine.
However, although the turbocharger increases power assist in the role of the engine, but also has its drawbacks, most notably, the , even after the response time also improved 1.7 seconds, the engine power output increase or decrease delay. This is a sudden acceleration or overtaking a car, the moment will not pull its weight a little to mention the feeling. But as technology improves, this shortcoming is being gradually overcome.
in the last 30 years, the turbocharger has spread to many types of cars, which make up a number of inherent naturally aspirated engine, the engine cylinder working volume without changing circumstances can improve the output power of 10% or more, many car manufacturers are using this booster technology to improve engine output power, in order to achieve high performance cars.
Note the use of turbochargers often in the high-speed, high temperature work, turbocharger exhaust turbine side of the temperature about 600 ℃, turbocharger rotor to 832-1040r/min high-speed rotation, so in order to ensure the normal operation of the turbocharger, use the following points should be noted:
1, can not leave the car. After the engine started, especially in the winter, should be allowed to idle for some time, so that before the turbocharger rotor high-speed operation to full oil lubricated bearings. So do not just post-Meng throttle to prevent damage to the turbocharger oil seal.
2, can not immediately turn off. High-speed operation of the engine for a long time, you can not turn off immediately. Engine work, some of the oil supply of turbocharger rotor bearings for lubrication and cooling. Suddenly the engine running after the shutdown,UGG boots clearance, oil pressure dropped rapidly to zero, the turbocharger turbine high temperature reached the middle part of the bearing shell supporting the heat can not be quickly taken away, while inertia turbocharger rotor is still rotating at high speed Therefore, if the state heat engine suddenly shut down, it will cause the turbocharger oil heat retention within the bearing and shaft damage. Therefore, a large load of the engine, long run, the flame should be idle before the 3-5min, so that the rotor speed supercharger down later heat. In particular, after the throttle to prevent a sudden flame Meng kicks.
3, to keep clean. When dismantling the turbocharger to keep clean and the fittings must use a good cleaning cloth plug to prevent debris falling into the supercharger, the damage to the rotor. Maintenance should be careful not to damage the impeller collision, if the need to replace the impeller, do respond to the dynamic balance test. Once refitted, to remove the obstruction.
4, the turbocharger is operating consistently at high temperatures, the oil pipeline due to its high temperature, the internal oil likely to have some coke, which will result in insufficient lubrication of the turbocharger bearing damage. Therefore, the oil pipeline running to clean after a period of time.
5, constant attention to check the functioning of the turbocharger. In before moving to close the car, the airway tube should check the connection to prevent loosening, loss caused by failure of the turbocharger and air into the cylinder short.
turbocharger (turbo) the car's dynamic performance is undoubtedly very important, can greatly improve the engine power, is considered the savior of the engine. Unfortunately, due to the lag of the turbocharger is too large to make sense of turbocharged cars driving range.
recently, after improvements in all manufacturers of multi-turbocharged engine performance was a great improvement, but results are still not ideal. Particularly in the turbocharger is in effect, the feeling of driving too different, but the transition between two extremely smooth, and naturally aspirated engine too far behind.
turbocharged cars in the preparation of purchase, each buyer must pay attention to this issue. If a means to pursue power or torque, buyers have to make later regret. In the past, turbo-charged car was all the rage, many fanatical people even believe that there is no turbocharger can not be regarded as cars. Now, only a few special cars, was still fitted with turbochargers. Since the turbocharger lag is too long, limiting the widespread application of the device.
course, if the feeling is not the pursuit of driving, only wish to have a strong power or torque, such a person buy the best turbocharged cars. Conversely, if you want to feel comfortable daily driving, having fun, it is best to purchase non-supercharged cars.
turbo trubo
is to promote the use of high temperature and pressure exhaust gas turbine high-speed rotation, the drive into the gas turbine inlet air compression to improve the air density, while increasing the computer-controlled fuel injection , with high-density intake, so you can change the conditions in the displacement of the engine to improve efficiency. Simply put, it is a waste re-use, the turbine exhaust into the working group, and then change the pressure, pressure difference, increasing the working pressure of the engine.
the exhaust gas turbine is driven by, so when the engine speed at the end (to be speed) does not start, as long as the engine speed enough (usually at 1500 or more) turbo to start work, start over speed range has continued to work.
turbo lag phenomenon all the more advanced technology now, no obvious sense (but also very very bad mood.)
nitrogen pressurized
not by raising the air density for high efficiency, but by high gasoline combustion in nitrogen value, increase output, so the principle is completely different, turbo compression is air, the air is not used absolutely unlimited, but nitrogen pressurized nitrogen is stored in cylinders, the number is limited, so can only provide temporary power, but it really is amazing explosive weight.
supercharged
is a kind of horsepower for horsepower device. It is based on the rotational axis of the engine itself driven supercharger, in exchange for horsepower. Higher cost (so tubro wide applications than sc), most of Mercedes-Benz in use.
turbo sc extensive than the application, so more people know Tubro not know SC, SC's efficiency is also good, not bad on the Turbo, although the SC part of the mechanical energy consumption, but the exhaust smooth, no lag (I think is the biggest advantage of) the operation of the engine and can boost the size of load change, Turbo inertia problem not only generated when the delay in the start boost people unhappy, and even turn the engine over from high to low rpm, not immediately reduce the inertia turbocharger must pass vacuum valve, which can make you lose everything a lot of fun to drive.
but supercharged, while a small portion of power consumption, but compared with the generated power can basically do not care about.
mechanical supercharger
60s of last century before the advent of turbo technology, supercharged engine was the mainstream supercharger technology. As early as 20 years of racing on the technology used to increase power output. Supercharger compressor driven directly by the engine crankshaft, which has the advantage of good response (no lag). But some of the energy it consumes itself, so supercharged power can not produce particularly strong, especially at high speed, because it will generate a lot of friction, loss of energy,UGG shoes, thus affecting the engine speed increased.
traditional mechanical supercharger at low speed, the engine's power output has improved significantly, but the peak power appeared earlier, the maximum engine speed is low. The engine may at any time, can output a steady stream of torque, which reduces shift frequency. Therefore, very suitable match supercharged big, heavy luxury cars, while the emphasis on high performance sports car is very suitable for it.
role in the friction, the mechanical booster is easy to produce a unique noise. To the pursuit of comfortable luxury cars use it, you must use various means to reduce this noise. Mercedes-Benz C200K on its use of a supercharger, it can play a V6 engine power levels.
pressure wave supercharger
comprex supercharger
make direct contact with both the gas and the refrigerant pressure wave to pass through the pressure of the energy converter. It is used to boost internal combustion engine using exhaust energy when the pressurized gas into the cylinder. Pressure wave supercharger air-stator, stator and rotor gas composition. The stator and the internal combustion engine air intake pipe Unicom, China Unicom exhaust gas stator. Rotor driven by a belt from the crankshaft, engine power, drive power is 1 to 1.5%.
picture shows pressure wave supercharger works. Direction of the arrow when the rotor rotates, the rotor blades on the composition of the airway and high-pressure axial gas inlet connected to, then generate compression waves. Compressional wave speed of sound propagation along the airway, and gas energy to the airways filled with air, so the pressure and density increase and forward flow. High-pressure air outlet located in the high-pressure gas opposite the entrance, and staggered along the direction of rotation of a point forward. When the airway and high-pressure air outlet is turned on, for the high-pressure air into the engine intake manifold. Airway in the length of the gas to reach 2 / 3 or so, just turn airway pressure gas inlet, gas stops into the airway. When airway pressure gas exports and connected, the gas continues to swell and into the atmosphere by the exhaust manifold, the airway pressure continued to decline. When the airway and the low pressure air inlet is turned on, the airway in a negative pressure, fresh air is sucked from the atmosphere airway. Airway pressure turned low pressure air inlet and gas exports, the airway was filled with fresh Charge. The rotor to continue turning the same again the next cycle.
pressure wave supercharger boost pressure provided by the engine speed range in little change in the energy conversion process is not subject to the inertia of the rotor, the pressure wave supercharger has good speed and load response characteristics more suitable for the requirements of the automotive engine supercharger,UGG boots, boost pressure and atmospheric pressure ratio up to 2.5:1. But the pressure wave supercharger operating noise, the structure as the turbocharger (see exhaust turbocharger) compact, so the application is still small.
Turbocharged
A Short History of the device was first used in aircraft, due to the rising altitude, air is getting thin, resulting in shortage of aircraft engines into the air, the turbocharger will be be used, as much as possible to the aircraft engine With the popularity of gas turbine technology, slowly, it was used on military equipment. As military armored vehicles are diesel engines, in order to improve the power, military vehicles the first to use it, such as the U.S. M1A1 and German Leopard main battle tanks, etc. Ⅱ.
Turbocharged applications in civilian vehicles were started late, mainly because of light vehicles (eg cars) they use a gasoline engine, the supercharger technology for demanding, so the technology early diesel engine is limited to civilian applications (of Iveco, Delica models have applications such as diesel), the penetration rate thus greatly reduced.
With the diesel engine and diesel engine technology continues to improve the economy and the advantages of low failure rate, diesel engines are increasingly used in cars, in order to improve the power and torque output, some foreign automobile manufacturers have also applied the emission turbine technologies (such as the mass of the TDI engine, Mercedes-Benz, BMW cars have diesel turbocharger). Also because of advances in technology, turbocharged petrol engine also increasingly found in (such as the supercharged Regal models, Mitsubishi Lancer EVO series, Fuji's supercharged models, etc.), which makes the vehicle dynamics have been greatly improved. Practice has proved that power can be used after the device by at least 10% -30%, and can further reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are also improved to some extent.
Since exhaust gas turbochargers have this miraculous function of the process we should use great care. We all know that in the turbocharger are the turbine and the impeller rotating at high speed, so it should be very much in place lubrication. In order to ensure long-term security of the work unit, usually separate from the separation of the engine main oil lubricants Road to a point on the turbine impeller the middle of the floating bearing lubrication. Turbine rotating at high speed rotation of the impeller has great inertia, speed take some time to come down, if we use the vehicles immediately turn off or stop suddenly turn off, to cut off the engine to the turbocharger bearings of lubricating oil floating makes high-speed rotation of the turbine, the impeller out to ensure full lubrication. So long, will cause exhaust turbocharger failure, emergence of the noise high, rough work, engine down, so the correct method of operation should be to stop after check water temperature, oil temperature, and then idle for about 1 minute, to be increased pressure rotor speed down, then turn off.
contrast, the long-term low speed if the engine will cause damage to the supercharger, while the engine at low speed is also low speed turbocharger turbine, will go a long floating bearing lubricating oil from the impeller side exudation, and along with fresh air into the cylinder combustion, thus affecting the engine work. On the other hand, leakage of oil will also affect the work of the turbocharger itself, resulting in decreased efficiency of the turbocharger,Bailey UGG boots, until the damage. Therefore, in use, owners should always check the turbocharger, the return pipe to ensure adequate lubrication of the turbocharger to work properly.
the turbocharger turbine and the impeller is a high precision parts, so please do not try to be smart car owners to repair. Friends usually check the owner as long as the pipeline, listen to the voice of its work without having to make additional special maintenance. Once the turbocharger is damaged, repair it can not be reused, while the need to examine the causes of damage caused by supercharger and turbocharger replacement to ensure that the engine work.
above brief introduction of exhaust gas turbochargers with the precautions, if you have a turbocharged car cars will happen at heart, if you want your car to long-term health, require you to spend more carefully, be less worried about a critical moment.
Turbocharged works
how the turbocharger work? Here's a brief introduction to my friends it's mechanism. We can see from the chart, exhaust turbocharger (1), small size, mainly by the left and right of the turbine impeller composition, when the engine is working properly, the door from the engine exhaust emissions and exhaust pipe (4) into right turbocharger, thus blowing the turbine high-speed rotation. Turbines up to 10 million high-speed turn, and some Japanese turbocharger turbine speed can reach 120,000 rpm.
the left side of the impeller and turbine coaxial also do high-speed rotation, the black arrows represent the left end of the impeller from the air filter over the fresh air, fresh air into the impeller at one end, due to compression of the high-speed rotating impeller the formation of fresh air pressurization. Pressurized fresh air through the intercooler to the first (2) for cooling. Because the impeller stirred the air temperature increase, thereby reducing the density of air, in order to ensure that the feed rate, it is necessary for the implementation of hot gas pressurized cooling.
been in the cold air in through the inlet pipe (3) and then into the cylinder to work. Since turbo inlet pressure is high, so the exhaust can fully clear on the process of a cycle of the residual gas in the working process to achieve the purpose of the clean exhaust, and can prepare for the next burn, but also conducive to the next a complete combustion, thus reducing emissions of harmful substances. This is another very prominent of its advantages.
been in the cold air in through the inlet pipe (3) and then into the cylinder to work. Since turbo inlet pressure is high, so the exhaust can fully clear on the process of a cycle of the residual gas in the working process to achieve the purpose of the clean exhaust, and can prepare for the next burn, but also conducive to the next a complete combustion, thus reducing emissions of harmful substances. This is another very prominent of its advantages.
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